ACADEMIC SOCIAL RESOURCES JOURNAL, Year 2022 Issue Cilt 7 sayı 42

The Influence Of Masculine And Feminine Leadership Styles Of Women Leaders On The Women’s Glass Ceiling Beliefs

Murad YÜKSELMurad SAĞBAŞ — 2026-07-16

The main purpose of this study is to determine women leader' glass ceiling belief weather that differentiates according to masculine and feminine leadership style. Data for this study were collected from business organizations, which operates in different regions of the world, such as hotels, hospitals, universities and logistic, oil, building companies. Total of 272 women managers who lives in 56 different countries, participated the study. The data were collected by using questionnaires. Research results show that female managers who exhibit masculine leadership style do not experience glass ceiling syndrome compared to female managers who exhibit feminine leadership style. According to this result, it can be said that the glass ceiling perception is very low in female managers who exhibit masculine leadership style. Due to limitedness of accessible resources consideration, no study has been found examining the effect of female managers' masculine and feminine leadership styles on women's glass ceiling perceptions. From this point, study will fill this gap in the literature.

Ethical Principles In Digital Advertising And Sample Analysis For Brands

Sinan AKSEKİ — 2026-07-16

Digital media advertising or, with a similar use, internet advertising is all kinds of advertising studies made and carried out over online social networks. Digital media advertising includes all types of advertisements made through social media applications, fan pages, blogs, microblogs, applications installed on mobile devices and content sharing sites. Unlike traditional channels, companies are provided with the opportunity to make targeted advertisements according to some psychographic and demographic characteristics obtained by the participation of consumers who are exposed to advertisements on social networks such as Youtube, Twitter, Instagram, Tiktok. (Mesci, 2014, p. 101). The main purpose of the advertisements in the digital media is to fulfill the sales and communication purposes of the advertisement in line with the marketing or corporate communication objectives, as in the advertisements in the advertising environments in other traditional media. However, the privileged side of digital media advertising is that it facilitates the work of advertisers in fulfilling their advertising purposes, in ways that make a significant difference, with its different features from traditional media. For example, it provides opportunities such as temporality, interaction, lack of space limitations, individuality or de-massification, easy accessibility, changeability of content, namely dynamism of content, low cost, measuring advertising effectiveness, providing creative content presentation. (Karaçor, 2007, p. 47; Odabaşı & Oyman, 2002, p. 327; Marangoz, 2014, p. 270-76; Bıçakçı, 2006, p. 90-93; Mesci, 2017, p. 10; Kotler, 2017 , p. 167). Ethical debates on online advertisements in digital media show significant similarities with the issues published in traditional media. The fact that there is no central authority to monitor and sanction the abuses, irregularities and irregular behaviors that may arise in the use of digital media (Marangoz 2014, p. 60) and the uncontrolled publication of many applications that do not know any limits to creativity brings along many discussions. It is skillfully embedded in the videos or images that are the focus of discussions on ethical issues seen in advertisements published in digital media. That the advertisement is not clear and obvious (covered/hidden advertisements), the users of the application are exposed to intense advertisements, the problem of the security of personal information, deceptive or contrary to general morality or political threats and references, marginalizing, polarizing, disrespecting social and religious-spiritual values leads to the emergence of advertising applications with discourses and content. It includes exposing users to negative advertising messages that degrade public morality, broadcasting advertisements banned in traditional media virally in social media applications, ignoring copyright in advertising content. (Binark and Bayraktutan, 2013, p. 80-85; Şahinci, 2011, p. 69; Öztürk, 2015, p. 299-302; Uzun, 2016, p. 292-295; Yılmaz and Erdem, 2016, p. 219 -222; Diker, 2016, p. 139).

Shortage In Prosperity: An Assessment Of The Political Economy Of Venezuelan Oil

Hasan AZAZİTaylan AZAZİ — 2026-07-16

Venezuela is the country with the largest oil reserves in the world with approximately 303 billion barrels. (OPEC, 2019). It makes this country one of the most interested ones in the oil sector. Moreover, due to the majority of Venezuelan oil is extra-heavy and it is one of the few heavy oil producer countries, which provides a great advantage to this country. However, although it has great oil potential because of technological deficiencies and wrong policies implemented, shortage and high inflation rates dominate the whole country. Some authors attribute this poverty to the wrong socialist practices of Chavez and Maduro, while others argue that Venezuela's oil policy has been wrong from the very beginning. The aim of this article is to show how Venezuelan oil is managed from the beginning to the end and the impact of the important milestones on the country's oil economy in an analytical approach, in the light of numerical data and graphs.

Orientalism And Occidentalism: An Analysis Of Their Similitude And Contrasts In Relation To Eighteenth-Century Ottoman And European Architecture

Pınar KUTLUAY — 2026-07-16

Encounters have led to significant changes in world history. They have allowed cultural exchange between different parties such as the East and West. In the case of Ottoman Empire and Europe, it is also possible to observe the consequences of this issue. Until the eighteenth century, Ottomans did not feel the need to interact and learn from Europeans; however, things changed in this period. The newly formed political and economic relations between Ottomans and Europeans became influential in many areas, including architecture. Cultural exchanges and different attitudes of both parties can be explored by examining the terms of Orientalism and Occidentalism, which can shed light on how they contributed to shaping their architecture. This paper aims to investigate the similitude and contrasts between the concepts of Orientalism and Occidentalism in relation to how they can be used for an analysis of Eighteenth-Century Ottoman and European Architecture.

Challenges And Opportunities In The New Era Of Communication: Digitalization And Public Relations

Ebru ÖZGEN Şeyma SAYDAM — 2026-07-16

It has been inevitable for public relations to avoid the changes in the globalizing and technologically developing world and adapt to them. Communication underlies public relations. It is one of the professions that is most heavily influenced by all the developments in communication technologies. Thus, the profession had to adapt to new communication technologies, while digitalization gradually drove selected media and target publics to evolution accordingly. This study aims to trace the impact of digitalization in public relations as a profession in Turkey. To that end, a literature review in light of technological developments in communication and information technologies is conducted. Then, academicians from the field and practitioners, who currently work with public relations agencies, are interviewed. Snowball sampling was the selected qualitative method for the research design. The study concluded that the ways in which public relations activities are conducted differ significantly from a decade ago with the development of technological tools, university curricula must be updated in accordance with such developments, and new employment opportunities must be opened up to those, who do not only possess theoretical knowledge but also technological know-how. The study attempts to shed light on the changing trends in the profession from the eyes of both practitioners and academicians in the field as well as the problems that arise from digitalization alongside suggested solutions by practitioners. It is also hoped that this study paves the way for future studies, focusing on specific aspects of digitalization in public relations practices.

An Analysis On The Concept Of Multimodal Transport And Advantages And Disadvantages Of Multimodal Transport

Yunus ALHAN — 2026-07-16

Multimodal transport is the mode of transport which is mostly used in the transport industry today and has arisen as different form other modes of transport enjoys some advantages and disadvantages. In this study, we will highlight these advantages and disadvantages and evaluate the necessity of multimodal transport.

Officer Job Analysis: Provincial Gendarmerie Commander Sample

2026-07-16

Job analysis is a detailed examination of the tasks performed in a staff. Examples of job analysis aproaches are the task inventory analysis technique, critical incident technique, position analysis questionnaire, functional job analysis technique, movement study and HAY plan, which is an adaptation of the scoring method. The aim of this study is to analyze the work of the provincial gendarmerie commanders. Provincial gendarmerie commanders are the chief of the gendarmerie organization in the province, which works to ensure safety and security in the regions of responsibility through the police stations and personnel under their command. Due to the fact that they have a duty relationship with both civil authorities and judicial authorities, they have many different duties. In order to analyze the work of the provincial gendarmerie commanders, the legislation (law, regulation, directive), job description forms, published orders were examined and the duties of the provincial gendarmerie commanders were determined. These tasks, which were determined by document review and content analysis method, were classified as general, territorial, judicial, military and other. Territorial duties are duties carried out in order to prevent crime in order to ensure safety and security. An example of the territorial duties of the provincial gendarmerie commanders can be given as “to ensure safety and security in the area of responsibility, to ensure, protect and watch over the public order”. Judical duties are duties related to criminal investigation procedures in order to investigate the crime, collect evidence, and identify the perpetrators after the crime has occured. As an example of their judical duties “to make a judicial search done, to confiscate the crime tools, according to the Criminal Procedure Law No. 5271 and the Regulation on Forensic and Prevention Searches” can be given. Due to the termination of the Gendarmerie General Command’s commitment to the General Staff with the Decree Law No. 668, its military duties have decreased. An example of the military duties of the Provincial Gendarmerie Commanders can be given as “to fulfill military duties with the order of the Governor”. As a result, the workload of the provincial gendarmerie commanders is high, they have to have a good command of the legislation due to the large number of tasks assigned to them, and because they are supervisors and managers, they should set an example for the subordinate personnel, deal with their problems, develop them, establish discipline, and the logistics and management of the provincial gendarmerie command. It has been concluded that they also have duties such as coordinating and following up other activities, and they need to allocate time for them

Kadi Abdulcebbar's Views About Akhbar Al-Sifat

Sadık TANRIKULU — 2026-07-16

The subject of attributes of Allah has been studied under various main titles such as personal (zâtî), essential (subûtî), negational (selbî), actual (fiili) and apprising (haberi), and covers a very wide area. However, there are many mazhab kalam that deal with the subject of attributes. Along with the distinctive characteristics of these sects as of their birth, development and later periods, each of them has a large number of scholars who came in different periods and used different methods. The subject of this article is to reveal and evaluate the views of Kadi Abdulcebbar, who is one of the important representatives of the Mu'tazila sect, on akhbar as-sifat. The descriptive method was followed to reveal the views and comments of Kadi Abdulcebbâr on the issue of akhbar as-sifat. In this context, akhbar as-sifat has been described, defined and classified. While trying to clarify the opinions and comments of Kadi Abdulcebbar on akhbar as-sifat, his own studies have been used as the main reference sources.

Teachers' Opinions on the Implementation of Duty in Schools

Dilek ÖZTÜRK ÖZERAhmet ÜSTÜN — 2026-07-16

The educational process in schools should be smooth and students should be protected from possible dangers during their stay in school. For these reasons, duty teacher practice is carried out. The aim of this study is to reveal the opinions of the teachers about what the duty means to the teachers, whether it is considered necessary or not, and what kind of problems are experienced during the duty. In this study, which was conducted with the qualitative research method, the phenomenology design was used. The study group consists of 5 female and 5 male teachers. Participants have at least 10 years of seniority and have been on duty teacher positions for the last 10 years. In this study, interview method was used as data collection method. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview form. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis method. As a result of the research, it has been reached what the duty means for the teachers, the necessity of the duty according to the teachers, the problems experienced on their duty days and the suggestions for solutions.

In The Period Of Roman Empire Sport Organizations In Anatolia And Sport Management’s Effects To The Political And Social Life

Aytül KAPLANÖzden KARA — 2026-07-16

Games, which happens with challenge and intensive body work, made individually or in a team, aimed to improve skills of physical, mental and thinking, all activities has been accepted which has rules and layout as sport. Sport is quite important to physical and mental satisfaction, to create public solidarity and integration. Sport became one of the methods that management organizations apply mostly in historical process to provide sovereignty and keep the sovereignty. Roman Empire, in states which far away from the center, supported local governments to provide authority especially in Anatolia, with that goverments’ commitment they saved the existence for a long time. It is expected that emperiors, to provide livelihood and entertrainment to public during the Roman period for sustain their governments. At this point, first way that Roman Empire apply is sport organizations. To make sport organizations and game’s dimension created economical vitality and welfare of the local managements, also it increased the political and social commitment to the center. One of the most obvious effect of sport organizations on the public and management is that they have a religious feature. Roman Empire, in far east states they make people feel that they are soverign power with empire cult. At this research, in Anatolia during the Roman period, the imperial cult and the political privileges of the cities that have this cult, the mobility of their economic activities will be examined. Attention will be drawn to the cult of the Roman emperors in using the benefits of the sport and vineyard established between the public and the government, their impact on athletes and sport organizations and facilities of the achievements of the social and political life, awards and sporting activities prestige among the people, ethnic diversity in Political Management, the importance will be revealed in the realization of spiritual unity. For this purpose, coins, sculptures, inscriptions and architectural features of sports facilities extracted from the ancient cities of the Roman period in Anatolia will be examined and the characteristics of sports organizations and sports management will be specified.

Last Syllable Feature In Black Sea Folk-Turks

Gökhan HAMZAÇEBİ — 2026-07-16

Traditional folk music, which is one of the cadres of Turkish folklore, is a type of music that the people produce and consume within themselves, with its historical background and cultural characteristics. Turkish elements, who have lived in a wide geography from the Chinese barrier to the Adriatic Sea over the centuries, have carried their cultural and folkloric accumulations to the present day, and have left many permanent cultural products, from music to dance, in the Anatolian geography. Folk music developed in the Anatolian geography has more details than other national music in terms of geographical structure features, life factor and locality. Black Sea music has a special place with these features, although it is not considered separately from the Anatolian music tradition. A significant part of the Turkmen elements adopt the nomadic lifestyle, this situation continues in the Black Sea regions today, and the production of folkloric works continues today. The Black Sea region, in particular Giresun, Trabzon and Rize regions, has a unique character with its features such as having a difficult geography in terms of location, being home to many civilizations from various periods in the historical process, and limited agricultural lands. All these structures are strongly reflected in the language, culture, traditions and customs of the region, especially in the music culture. In our study, the last unsaid syllables and words belonging to folk music in the folk song tradition in Giresun, Trabzon and Rize provinces are discussed. It has been studied under the title of unfinished words and unspoken last syllables in folk songs and by considering their structures in oral game music.

An Evaluation Of The Concepts Of Ahl-Family And Society From The Perspective Of The Listener- An Example Of The Hud Period

Mustafa Hakkı ERTAN — 2026-07-16

The family is one of the basic institutions that has existed since the earliest periods of history. The existence of the family is the subject of ordinary or extraordinary events in historical records and sacred texts, and family members can be emphasized. Societies are made up of families. It is normal for societies to come together on the axis of belief and often act by influencing each other. In the Noah flood, which is the subject of religious sources, it is stated that the Prophet Noah, his wife and son from his own family did not believe, did not listen to the prophet Noah, and those who did not listen to him were punished. It is especially emphasized that there are family members in the Prophet Noah and the society he addresses, as described in Surah Hud, and the dialogues of Prophet Noah with his family are also included. When the events called Noah's Flood in religious texts are viewed from a sociological perspective, it shows that society was punished by being evaluated on a faith-based ground, and this punishment was determined with a sharp understanding and regulated by the concept of family. In the Qur'an, the source of the religion of Islam, Hz. After Noah's son did not believe him, did not get on the ship his father built, and was drowned in the Flood of Noah, he prayed to God, "O Lord, my son was from my family, and your promise is certainly true and true. And you are the judge of the judges." Addressing Prophet Noah, who said, in the 46th verse of Hud Surah; O Noah, he is never from your family. Because what he did was a bad job. So don't ask me for something you don't know about. Giving the answer "I recommend you not to be one of the ignorant" shows that a different understanding has been brought about the concepts of "professional-family" and society. With this verse, the Qur'an has determined that people can only be family and society in the dimension of the axis of belief, and that only the biological connection is not sufficient for the understanding of family. In this article, sociological analyzes of the verses of the Hud Surah, in which Prophet Noah and the Flood are explained, and which emphasize the concepts of family and society in the Hud period, will be analyzed.

Examining the Relationship Between the Transcendental Future Perspective and Suicide Attacks

Suat DALAKÇIBeyhan ZABUN — 2026-07-16

Being aware of our thoughts, attitudes and beliefs about time; It offers us an important perspective on understanding the fundamental dynamics underlying our current behavior. In many beliefs, the future does not end with the death of the body. Beliefs that life will continue with another existence after death create a strong motivation on the current actions of individuals. In particular, suicide attacks stand out as an effective strategy used by terrorist organizations to create trauma at the social level in today's world. Studies on suicide attacks reveal that belief in an afterlife strongly affects the motivations of the perpetrators of suicide. For this reason, determining the attitudes and beliefs of suicide bombers towards time has an important role in understanding and preventing the causes of suicide attacks. In our study, it is aimed to reveal the relationship between belief in life after death and suicide attack with socio-psychological aspects.

Teachers' Opinions On The Problems They Experience In Distance Education During The Pandemic Process (Covid-19)

Aynur ERDOĞANGülay ATMACA ,Adem KESİK ,Faruk HOPLAMAZ — 2026-07-16

This research, which was conducted in order to examine the problems and difficulties experienced by the teachers who are at the center of the system in the educational environments carried out during the pandemic period, is a qualitative research. The study group of the research includes the teachers who are currently working in İskenderun district of Hatay. According to the application carried out with the method of interviewing 10 teachers within the scope of the purpose of the research, it shows that the ages of the teachers are between 30-45 years and their seniority is between 5-30 years. According to the research findings; It can be stated that teachers have a more positive attitude towards face-to-face education since there are limited interaction and communication environments. They state that students' lack of technological equipment is the biggest difficulty they face in distance education.

Brand City To The Axis Of The City, Identity And Brand

Merve YÜREKLİ — 2026-07-16

The concept of brand city is an issue that has become increasingly important in recent years. Cities are making an intense effort to become a brand. In this respect, various studies are carried out in order to improve the image of the city. The first thing to be determined in city image studies is what kind of a structure is desired to be created. Then, awareness should be created, and then communication activities should be carried out to reinforce this image. At this point, it is of great importance to emphasize the value of the city, its advantages and the services offered. The city brand is a development-recognition-image project that a city integrates with its cultural, historical, natural and social features and puts into practice by supporting it with a specific sign to distinguish it from other cities. In order for a city to be branded, it is necessary to use all the features ranging from the distinctive history of that city to its culture. It is known that the uniqueness of each city and the change it has acquired in the historical development process are also effective on branding.

The Effect Of Social Media Phenomena Commitment On Consumers' Fear Of Missing Out (FoMo) And Purchase Intention

2026-07-16

Objective In this article, the effects of social media phenomena on consumers' Fear of Missing Out (FoMo) levels and their phenomenon-based purchase intentions are examined. Design/Methodology Within the scope of the research, an online questionnaire was applied to 386 participants selected by non-random sampling method. The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS 23 Statistical Package Data Analysis Program. Results It is clear that the fear of missing out has an effect on the phenomenon-based purchase intention of consumers. It has been determined that the relationship between the variables is positive and as the consumer's fear of missing out (FoMo) increases, the phenomenon-based buying behavior also increases. Social media phenomenon loyalty is effective in consumers' evasion levels. It has been determined that the relationship between the variables is positive and as consumers' fear of missing out (FoMo) increases, consumers' loyalty to social media phenomena increases. Social media phenomenon loyalty is effective at the level of phenomenon-based purchase. It has been determined that the relationship between the variables is positive and as consumers' social media phenomenon engagement increases, phenomenon-based purchasing behavior also increases. Originality This study empirically tests the power of social media phenomena to influence purchase intention through FoMo (fear of missing out). Of the study; it is considered that it will contribute to the academic literature in terms of its results. The effects will contribute to the academic literature and marketing strategies.

Gender Studies: A Review within the Context of Masculinity Studies and Critical Masculinity Studies

Nebile EROĞULBeyhan ZABUN — 2026-07-16

Gender studies are a field of specialization including critical masculinity studies besides womanhood studies. When patriarchal social structure problems were added to womanhood studies which first attracted attention with feminist studies in the course of time, manhoods which were the dichotomic positioning of womanhood at the beginning of the 1980s began to be examined and manhood sociology became a separate field of study among gender studies. The present study aims to discuss the rise of critical masculinity studies in a theoretical and approachment way. Therefore, the study focuses on the rise process of the field, definition of manhood as a discourse and understanding the social construction of manhood. The current study primarily discusses the difference between masculinity studies which are found in the masculinity sociology literature and critical masculinity studies which move on a feminist basis. While manhood approaches suggest that there is a biologically radical difference between women and men and gender roles are unalterable, critical masculinity studies suggest that there is no universal difference between women and men and these studies are based on feminism. In this context, the present study stresses the points contrasting with the sociobiological theory which is the basis of gender differences regime of critical masculinity studies that explains gender and the gender roles theory. Understanding the social construction of manhood requires the changing structure of manhood and enables understanding the elements that include men in the alliance in terms of manhood, despite a variety of differences. For that purpose, the current study stresses the local, regional and global dimensions of masculinity studies. The study mentions the possibility of different manhoods and different masculine power positions of these manhoods via other studies conducted in the field.

A Study on Avatar Fashion in the Metaverse Universe

Nurdan KUMAŞ ŞENOLAkın YILDIRIM — 2026-07-16

With the rapid development of information and communication technologies, digitalization surrounding people; It provides individuals with the opportunity to construct their own reality and create popular images in virtual environments.Virtual environments such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) open the door to a new universe for mankind.Web 3.0 and virtual reality applications promise users the Metaverse universe, the post-real universe in which users can interact with concrete reality and the virtual environment by grasping it with sensory organs.Metaverse virtual environments, where participants can be provided by countless users, are 3D fields that connect with digital networks.With the help of Avatar (virtual identity), people who come to life in unreal environments can relate to other digital objects and experience the virtual space thanks to their digital appearance.In the meta-universe, as in blockchain applications, virtual art collections (NFT) along with cryptocurrency have become financial instruments by buying and selling digital games, coins.Decentraland (MANA) has held its first virtual fashion week in the metaverse universe, where NFT collections are displayed, bringing together high-quality designers and wearables vendors in a blockchain-based virtual world.The metaverse fashion week, held in March, immediately after fashion weeks in Paris, Milan, was attended by many iconic brands known for their creations and images.In the study, the "Avatar" application of the Dolce &gabbana brand, which participated in the first fashion week held in the metaverse universe, will be examined in the context of the virtual image created by the brand and the power of virtual reality to become a virtual individual.Inaddition, the Metaverse universe is a newconceptandthe life practices of individualsarerapidlyvirtualized, andthisnewconcept is importantforbringing it intotheTurkishliterature.

Accounting Of Currency Protected Deposit Account Under BOBI FRS

Ahmet AKGEMCİ — 2026-07-16

Currency Protected Deposit Accounts (KKMH), which are similar to classical time deposit accounts in general terms, provide investors with a foreign exchange gain in case of possible exchange rate changes, in addition to the interest/profit share income. If the exchange rates on the closing date of the KKMH are higher than the exchange rates on the opening date, the difference is covered by the central bank. In other words, an investor who owns KKMH gains a gain regarding possible exchange differences in addition to the interest income. KKMH carries the criteria for financial assets, and therefore, businesses that apply full set of TMS/TFRS account for the relevant financial asset within the scope of TFRS 9 Financial Instruments standard. However, businesses that are subject to independent audit and do not apply a full set of TMS/TFRS make their accounting process in accordance with the BOBI FRS provisions, which are less costly, understandable and simpler. In this context, it is important how KKMH should be accounted within the framework of BOBI FRS.