Abstract
In 19th century Europe, the changes initiated by the French Revolution and the Congress of Vienna, combined with new forces such as liberalism, the industrial revolution, and nationalism, led to a series of revolutions across Europe. During the same period, the Ottoman Empire began reform movements with the Tanzimat and Islahat Edicts. These reforms did not change the structure of the Ottoman Empire but introduced basic rights and principles of equality. However, nationalist movements and external pressures triggered independence movements within the Ottoman Empire. During this process, reactive groups known as the Young Turks emerged. The Young Turks fought against Abdulhamid's regime and organized abroad. In 1902, a congress was held in Paris where the use of military force and external intervention were discussed. In 1906, the Ottoman Liberty Society was established in Thessaloniki. In 1907, the Second Young Turk Congress was held in Paris to unite the Ottoman opposition movements. The congress aimed to dethrone Abdulhamid and restore the parliamentary system. The congress led to ideological divisions among the Young Turks and caused the movement to split. The Young Turks fought as intellectuals and activists against Abdulhamid's autocratic regime. This movement played a significant role in shaping the intellectual landscape during the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
Keywords
Young Turks, Prince Sabahattin, Political movement
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