Orientalism And Occidentalism: An Analysis Of Their Similitude And Contrasts In Relation To Eighteenth-Century Ottoman And European Architecture
Author :
Abstract
Encounters have led to significant changes in world history. They have allowed cultural exchange between different parties such as the East and West. In the case of Ottoman Empire and Europe, it is also possible to observe the consequences of this issue. Until the eighteenth century, Ottomans did not feel the need to interact and learn from Europeans; however, things changed in this period. The newly formed political and economic relations between Ottomans and Europeans became influential in many areas, including architecture. Cultural exchanges and different attitudes of both parties can be explored by examining the terms of Orientalism and Occidentalism, which can shed light on how they contributed to shaping their architecture. This paper aims to investigate the similitude and contrasts between the concepts of Orientalism and Occidentalism in relation to how they can be used for an analysis of Eighteenth-Century Ottoman and European Architecture.
Keywords
Abstract
Encounters have led to significant changes in world history. They have allowed cultural exchange between different parties such as the East and West. In the case of Ottoman Empire and Europe, it is also possible to observe the consequences of this issue. Until the eighteenth century, Ottomans did not feel the need to interact and learn from Europeans; however, things changed in this period. The newly formed political and economic relations between Ottomans and Europeans became influential in many areas, including architecture. Cultural exchanges and different attitudes of both parties can be explored by examining the terms of Orientalism and Occidentalism, which can shed light on how they contributed to shaping their architecture. This paper aims to investigate the similitude and contrasts between the concepts of Orientalism and Occidentalism in relation to how they can be used for an analysis of Eighteenth-Century Ottoman and European Architecture.
Keywords
- 1. Arel, Ayda. (1975). Onsekizinci Yüzyıl İstanbul Mimarisinde Batılılaşma Süreci [The Westernization Process in Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Architecture]. İstanbul Teknik Üniv., İstanbul.
- 2. Çelebi, Yirmisekiz Mehmet. (1970). Fransa Seyahatnamesi (Ed. And Translated by Şevket Rado), Hayat Tarih Mecmuası Yayınları, İstanbul.
- 3. Cerasi, Maurice Munir. (1988). ‘‘Late Ottoman Architects and Master Builders,’’ Muqarnas, V: 87-101.
- 4. Evin, Ahmet. (1980). ‘‘The Tulip Age and Definitions of ‘‘Westernization’’.’’ Social and Economic History of Turkey (1071-1920), Papers Presented to the First International Congress on the Social and Economic History of Turkey (Ankara: Hacettepe University, July 11-13, 1977). Meteksan, Ankara.
- 5. Foucault, Michel. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Translated by Alan Sheridan), Pantheon, New York.
- 6. Foucault, Michel. (2011). The Archaeology of Knowledge (Translated by A. M. Sheridan Smith), Routledge, London.
- 7. Foucault, Michel. (1982). ‘‘The Subject and Power.’’ (Eds. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow), Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. 2nd edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- 8. Goodwin, Godfrey. (1971). A History of Ottoman Architecture. Thames & Hudson, London.
- 9. Gürçağlar, Aykut. (2011). ‘‘Landscapes of Istanbul as an Imaginary Oriental City through the Eyes of English Painters.’’ Ars & Humanitas, Revija za umetnost in humanistiko, pp.141-162, Filozofska fakulteta, Ljubljana.
- 10. Lewis, Bernard. (1982). The Muslim Discovery of Europe. W.W. Norton, New York.
- 11. MacKenzie, John. M. (1996). Orientalism: History, Theory, and the Arts. Manchester University Press, Manchester.
- 12. Meskell, Lynn. (1998). Archaeology Under Fire. Routledge, Oxon.
- 13. Nanquette, Laetitia. (2013). Orientalism versus Occidentalism: Literary and Cultural Imaging between France and Iran Since the Islamic Revolution. I.B. Tauris, London.
- 14. ‘‘Occident, n. and adj.’’. OED Online. March 2017. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/130137?rskey=lalaBa&result=1&isAdvanced=false (accessed June 09, 2017).
- 15. ‘‘occidentalism, n.’’. OED Online. March 2017. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/130140?redirectedFrom=occidentalism (accessed June 09, 2017).
- 16. Peker, Ali Uzay. (2006). ‘‘A Retreating Power: The Ottoman Approach to the West in the 18th Century.’’ (Eds. A. Cimdina and J. Osmand), Power and Culture: Hegemony, Interaction and Dissent, pp. 69-85, Edizioni Plus, Pisa.
- 17. Peker, Ali Uzay. (2002). ‘‘Western Influences on the Ottoman Empire and Occidentalism in the Architecture of Istanbul,’’ Exoticism and the Culture of Exploration, A Special Issue of Eighteenth-Century Life (Eds. Robert Maccubin and Christa Knellwolf), 26 (3): 139-164.
- 18. Renda, Günsel. (1985). ‘‘Europe and the Ottomans.’’ (Ed. Elisabeth Liskar), Europa and die Kunst des Islam 15. bis 18. Jahrhundert, pp. 9-32, Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Vienna.
- 20. Sayyid, Bobby. S. (1997). A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism. Zed Books Ltd.,
- 21. Sweetman, John. (1988). The Oriental Obession: Islamic Inspiration in British and American Art and Architecture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- 23. Toderini, G. (1990). İbrahim Müteferrika Matbaası ve Türk Matbaacılığı (Translated by Rikkat Kunt), (Ed. Şevket Rado), Yayın Matbaacılık Ticaret Ltd. Şti, İstanbul.
- 24. Uzunçarşılı, H. (1988). Osmanlı Tarihi [Ottoman History]. Turkish Historical Society, Ankara.
- 25. Veinstein, Gilles. (2002). Memories of France: Kafirlerin Cenneti (Translated by Murat Aykaç Erginöz), Ark Yayınları, İstanbul.
- 26. Wagner, Tamara S. (2005). Occidentalism in Novels of Malaysia and Singapore, 1819-2004: Colonial and Postcolonial Financial Straits and Literary Style. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston.
- 27. Yenişehirlioğlu, Filiz. (1983). ‘‘Western Influences on Ottoman Architecture in the 18th Century.’’ (Eds. G. Heiss and G. Klingenstein), Das Osmanische Reich und Europa 1683 bis 1789, Konflikt, Entspannung und Austausch, pp.153-178, Verlag für Geschicte und Politiki, Wien.
